Enam's Note

Robert Browning, (1812-1899), one of the major Victorian poets, is an optimist and as an optimist he places himself above almost all writers of his era. We, in his poems, find his optimistic attitude towards love which make him optimist in every aspects of life. Browning, as an optimist, tends to believe in essential goodness of man and the salvation of man through the hard struggles. Now we will look into his optimistic views scattered in his poems especially in his dramatic monologue. Browning’s optimistic attitude towards love is clearly disclosed in the poem “ The Last Ride Together ”, one of his greatest love poems. In the poem the rejected lover is manly, brave and optimistic like a typical Browning’s character. He consoles himself for his failure to gain his beloved’s love with great optimism. The lover does not consider his failure as defeat rather it is “ written and needs must be ”. He even blesses his beloved   “ in pride and thankfulness ”. He now appeals a last ride to

“The dialects ” and “ the standard ” are the varieties of language. The development of different varieties in language is the result of the constant change of language. The language changes as long as it exists giving birth of different varieties. Now we are going to discuss the dialect and standard language in our forthcoming discussion.     The definition of Dialects The definition of  the standard language  The Characteristics of Dialects The  Characteristics  of  the standard language Difference  between    Dialects and  the standard language  Click Here to Download Printable version of the Note or Click top right corner of the preview of the document.

Language is one of the most obvious ways in which human being differ from other animals. Human beings use language to communicate with one another, to express/ reveal their imaginative expression as well as emotional release. It is the most comprehensive means of communication in the human society. Now we will firstly try to know the definition of language; then the characteristics of it. Definition of Language:  Characteristics of Language:  Language is primarily vocal   as, in the beginning, it appears as vocal sounds only. Human language differs from animal   communication Human language is more structurally complex   than animal communication.   Language is a form of social behaviour   as its learning is only possible in the society Language is a symbol system   where words stands for the objects. Click Here to Download Printable version of the Note or Click top right corner of the preview of the document.

What is syllabus? Differentiate syllabus from curriculum. Describe the types, purpose, and construction of syllabus. Syllabus, a widely discussed issue in the domain of English Language Teaching, plays a very significant role for both the learners and the instructors. It guides the teachers what to teach and informs the learners what to be learnt. So its types, purpose and design are very important.  Now we are going to discuss …   Definition of syllabus Difference between syllabus and curriculum The types of syllabus 1.  The grammar syllabus/structural syllabus 2. Lexical syllabus 3. The notional-functional syllabus 4. The situational syllabus 5. The topic-based syllabus 6 . The task-based syllabus/ procedural syllabus 7. The multi-syllabus syllabus/ integrated syllabus /multi-skilled syllabus Purpose of syllabus Construction of syllabus Construction of syllabus Construction of syllabus 1. Learn-ability 2. Frequency 3. Coverage 4. Usefulness Click Here to Download a Printa

What is test? How many types of test are there? Discuss the qualities of a good test. Discuss the difference between test and assessment. Test is an inevitable element of learning process and plays a significant role especially in language learning.  It is a reliable way by which a teacher can evaluate his or her students' knowledge of something which he/she has taught them. The students also get a chance to prove their skill or competence of what they have learnt. So it is significant for both the learner and the teacher. Definition of test: Types of Test:     1. Placement tests:     2. Diagnostic Tests:     3. Progress or achievement tests:      4. Proficiency Tests: Types of test item:    1. Direct test item :     2. Indirect test items Discrete-point testing and integrative testing: Characteristics of Good Tests: Click Here to Download Printable version of the Note or Click top right corner of the preview of the document.

What is error? What is error analysis? Describe the types of error , source/cause of error . Write the description and identification and the fields of errors . Discuss the implication, significance and the limitations of error analysis. Errors, committed by the second of foreign language learners, are an inevitable part of language learning. Through making errors, and hearing the correct forms from the teacher, learners can develop their skills.  So errors and their analysis is advantageous for both learners and teachers. Now we are going to discuss:  Definition of Error Difference between Error and Mistake Definition of Error Analysis Classification/types of Error Sources /Causes of Errors Significance of Error Analysis                                                            Identification of errors Description of errors Limitations/draw backs of Error Analysis Fields of Error Click Here to Download a Printable version of the Note or Click top right corner of the pre

Francis Bacon, (1561-1626) is the most influential and resourceful English writer of his time. He very expertly uses different types of literary devices like paradox, aphorism, climax in his essays. He usually uses the condensed sentences with deep hidden explanations. We also find a touch of reality and practicality in his writings. Now we are going to discuss his views. Bacon very skilfully exploits the literary device ‘paradox’ in the essay “ Of Truth” . Truth, according to Bacon, lacks the charm of variety which, falsehood has. Truth gives more pleasure only when a lie is added to it.  He believes that, falsehood is a source of temporary enjoyment as it gives the people a strange kind of pleasure. So the essayist paradoxically says: “ …a mixture of a lie doth ever add pleasure” We find another paradoxical maxim in the same essay .  To Bacon, a liar is brave towards god but cowardly towards men. A liar does not have courage to tell the truth to the people but he sho